Beyond raw fuels and electricity, energy markets trade a wide range of specialized products, and this lesson works through the most important ones. We start with biodiesel and its feedstocks, and the other alternative fuels around them, then move to the certificate markets that have grown up around renewable energy and emissions: Energy Attribute Certificates, Energy Efficiency Certificates, Green Certificates, and Carbon Credits. Along the way we cover the long-term contracts that underpin much of the sector, Power and Gas Purchase Agreements, and the capacity markets that pay generators to be available. The aim is a clear grasp of what each product is, why it exists, and how it trades, because these instruments are increasingly central to a sector being reshaped by the energy transition.
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